SAWE Technical Papers

@inproceedings{3752,

title = {3752. A Portable Device for Measuring the Cog: Design, Error Analysis and Calibration},

author = {Giorgio Previati and Federico Ballo and Massimiliano Gobbi},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3752},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-07-01},

booktitle = {2020 SAWE Tech Fair},

pages = {18},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Virtual Conference},

abstract = {The paper is devoted to the design, error estimation and calibration of a portable device for the measurement of the centre of gravity of rigid bodies. The device consists in a simple but effective implementation of the knife edge method. The design of the device including safety considerations is fully described. An error estimation approach is employed in the very early stage of the design to assess the required instrumentation accuracy and the manufacturing tolerances. A calibration of the portable device is performed by means of proper calibrated masses. After calibration, the accuracy of the device corresponds to the target accuracy defined in the a-priori error analysis.The design procedure described in the paper shows a straightforward approach for the design of devices for the measurement of the inertia properties. By such a procedure, it is possible to identify the most critical design areas and make the correct choices in the early stage of the design process. Also, a deep understanding of the measuring process can be gained allowing the definition of an effective calibration procedure.},

keywords = {03. Center Of Gravity, 09. Weighing Equipment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3753,

title = {3753. Theoretical and Experimental Evaluation of the Flexibility of the Test Rig on Inertia Property Measurement},

author = {Giorgio Previati and Gianpiero Mastinu and Massimiliano Gobbi},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3753},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-07-01},

booktitle = {2020 SAWE Tech Fair},

pages = {14},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Virtual Conference},

abstract = {In the measurement of inertia properties (mass, centre of gravity and inertia tensor), both the body under investigation and the test rig are commonly considered as rigid bodies. However, in case of heavy or large bodies, these assumptions may not be satisfied. The present paper deals with the consequences of the test rig structure deformations on the measured inertia parameters. In fact, if the forces exchanged by the structure of the test rig and the body are large, the structure may deform changing its geometry and dynamic behavior. These effects, in turn, affect the measured kinematic and dynamic quantities needed for the measurement of the inertia properties.In the paper, by considering the InTenso+ Measuring System of the Politecnico di Milano, a special type of multi-filar pendulum, the effects of the deformation of the test rig on the measurement of the inertia properties is investigated both numerically and experimentally. A flexible multibody model is employed to understand the dynamic effects of the deformations on the mass properties measurement. Several bodies are measured to validate such analyses. A proper mathematical procedure is then derived to measure the inertia properties of bodies when the realization of a sufficiently stiff structure is impractical.},

keywords = {06. Inertia Measurements, 09. Weighing Equipment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3721,

title = {3721. A Weight and Center of Gravity Instrument for Measuring Manned Spacecraft},

author = {Dan Otlowski},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3721},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-05-01},

booktitle = {78th Annual Conference, Norfolk, VA},

pages = {23},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Norfolk, Virginia},

abstract = {Rocketry dynamics equations prescribe that the mass properties of spacecraft, particularly the spacecraft's mass and center of gravity (CG), be carefully choreographed throughout the launch, mission execution, and recovery stages. Mission design carefully selects CG locations for each of the spacecraft modules alone and in combinations, making CG verification an important step toward ensuring mission success. Measuring the CG of large spacecraft presents many of the typical problems associated with measuring CG of smaller objects. Some of these issues are commonly: constructing a measuring system with known geometry, maintaining the repeatability of said geometry under a wide array of load conditions, selecting force transducers with sensitivity appropriate to the verification tolerance, preserving that sensitivity throughout the measurement, and devising a method to relate the spacecraft's datum to the instrument's datum. A purpose-built, mass properties measurement solution that addresses all of these issues is the topic of this paper. In this paper, we will describe the form of the instrument, detail enabling technologies, explain performance drivers, and summarize our results.},

keywords = {09. Weighing Equipment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3696,

title = {3696. A Novel Approach for an Autonomous Weighing System through Fuselage Interface Loads},

author = {Oran Shachar},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3696},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-05-01},

booktitle = {77th Annual Conference, Irving, Texas},

pages = {27},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Irving, Texas},

abstract = {According to a N.A.L report, from May 2007 (G.W.H.van Es[ 4]), each year numerous aircraft accidents occur due to weight and balance issues, major factors in weight and balance accidents/incidents being errors in load sheet, cargo shifting, incorrect loading etc. This paper presents an ESL patented novel method and system for estimating an aircraft's weight while it is on the ground. Additionally, the system enables measuring the takeoff/landing weight profile, which includes information pertaining to weight/force as a function of time, including the time of contact with the ground. This enables various conditions such as heavy landing and the like to be identified.One of the main advantages of this development, over prior methods, is that this system measures loads above the landing gear, thus avoiding bias due to the flexibility of the landing gears. It also offers high repeatability of the measured load.The measurement subsystem includes sensors configured to measure a physical property (load/strain) at several locations near and/or at the fuselage interface with the landing gears. Such a sensor can be based on several technologies such as: strain gages, optical fibers (Bragg Gratings), load cells, etc.The specific solution and sensor implemented is a tailor-made design for each aircraft, taking into account the effect of the aircraft weight and desired sensitivity due to weight change on the results being measured.As part of the work done by ESL in developing the system, that for a given (existing) Hermes 900 fleet, an average of 1 flight hour can be saved.This paper presents the design and integration of such a system on ESL's Hermes 450 UAV, based on load cells. A proof-of-concept test was performed and is presented in this paper.The main test findings show, that the maximum deviation between the standard weighing procedure and ESL's system result is 0.6% at weight and 0.9% at COG.The conceptual methodology suggested here is still under development. Nevertheless, the integration of the sensor technology into the fuselage has its own promise to develop higher levels of safety of flight, while increasing the specific range of the aircraft.},

keywords = {09. Weighing Equipment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3436,

title = {3436. Instant CG},

author = {Amith Kalaghatagi},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3436},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-05-01},

booktitle = {67th Annual Conference, Seattle, Washington},

pages = {16},

address = {Seattle, Washington},

abstract = {This paper describes in detail a method to measure the CG of any aircraft at any pitch angle, without having to adjust the aircraft to flight level conditions. This method reduces the time required for weighing, eliminates human error, and eliminates possibility of aircraft damage due to jacking accidents and possibility of injury to weighing personnel. This method is applicable to all aircraft types and configurations. A system of linear equations is solved to compute the CG of the aircraft. The known variables in the system of equations are the pitch angle, oleo extensions and the wheel reactions. The unknowns in the system are the Weight, Arm lengths and CG. The first equation of the system consists of the Moment of all forces computed about the Reference Datum. The remaining equations consist of the functions defining the relation between Arm lengths with respect to the Reference Datum for each wheel and the Oleo extensions of the respective wheels. The pitch angle is measured accurately within one-tenths of a degree, the oleo extensions are measured accurately within one-hundredths of an inch and the wheel reactions within one pound. For each aircraft configuration, we use a GEC custom complex algorithm to compute the arm lengths from the measured oleo extensions. Once the aircraft is rolled onto the GEC platform scales, the reactions are wirelessly transmitted to the GEC handheld equipment through RF. The pitch angle and the oleo extensions are measured and manually entered into the GEC handheld. With these input variables the CG, %MAC and Total Weight of the aircraft are instantaneously computed by the GEC handheld equipment. A test aircraft was weighed both level and off-level to test the algorithm. The computed CG was within 0.1 inches and the %MAC was within 0.1%.},

keywords = {03. Center Of Gravity, 09. Weighing Equipment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3402,

title = {3402. Ship Inclining Experiment Accessory Kit},

author = {Andreas Schuster and Thomas Oole and William Fox},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3402},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-05-01},

booktitle = {66th Annual Conference, Madrid, Spain},

pages = {15},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers},

address = {Madrid, Spain},

organization = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers},

abstract = {US Military aircraft weighing standards specify the use of an accessory kit that includes tools similar to those used by weight engineers and naval architects for ship inclining experiments. The procurement of ship inclining experiment tools and accessories is currently a rather tedious, word of mouth process. This paper describes the typical contents of an aircraft weighing accessory kit. It then describes the ship inclining experiment and lists the tools used during the inclining process. From this, a specification and list for a ship inclining accessory kit is proposed. Hopefully, this paper will provide insight to equipment suppliers to enable them to create a Ship Inclining Experiment Accessory Kit for the marine industry.},

keywords = {09. Weighing Equipment, 35. Weight Engineering - Offshore, Marine},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3384,

title = {3384. Measuring Weight And Center Of Gravity Using Load Cells},

author = {Brad Hill},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3384},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-05-01},

booktitle = {65th Annual Conference, Valencia, California},

pages = {19},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers},

address = {Valencia, California},

organization = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers},

abstract = {Today?s load cells are capable of an accuracy of +-0.05%, or better, under ideal conditions. But ideal conditions are expensive to obtain and, because ?you get what you pay for,? these high accuracies are not always possible or even required. Given sufficient time and money most anything can be weighed to a high degree of accuracy. More often we are asked to measure the weight and center of gravity of an object when the design and building of specialized fixtures and laboratory conditions is not practical or warranted. To meet the needs of a customer without exceeding his budget we are often required to be creative in how we use the equipment available while keeping in mind the accuracy and validity of the data we are gathering. Many things will affect the accuracy of the information we get from a test, especially the quality of the equipment, the physical arrangement, our procedures and the calibration uncertainty of the load cells. There are just as many areas where confidence can be built into a test. To obtain the best value for the dollar from our test we must consider things like the set-up of the test, weight and dimensional measurements, environmental factors and equipment shortcomings. For the purpose of this paper the term ?load cell? refers to stand alone canister-type cells, like those in a standard aircraft weighing kit, that are not part of a permanent fixture. This type of equipment is commonly used to measure the weight and center of gravity of large parts, assemblies, tooling, missiles and other items where a unique set-up is required for each.},

note = {Mike Hackney Best Paper Award},

keywords = {08. Weighing, 09. Weighing Equipment, Mike Hackney Best Paper Award},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3150,

title = {3150. Wireless Weighing},

author = {George Lindberg},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3150},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-05-01},

booktitle = {60th Annual Conference, Arlington, Texas, May 19-23},

pages = {7},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Arlington, Texas},

abstract = {Portable weighing systems have been available for many years for weighing aircraft or ground vehicles. These systems traditionally used remote weighing sensors connected through a web of cables to a remote sensing or display instrument. These systems used the analog outputs of the sensing elements transmitted through cables to a single a/d converter mounted in the remote instrument. This left a lot to be desired in as much as the low level analog signals were effected by changes in temperature or resistance in the wiring due to crimps or crushing of the cabling. The load sensing devices were highly affected by false loads introduced by the canted landing gear or off level weighing services. Leveling of the platforms or load cells to accommodate the off level conditions of hangar floors or weighing areas was always a concern and in all cases a necessity. Many systems still have 'sweet spots' or weighing areas marked on the platform. 

In the late 1980's, GEC introduced and patented the first platform and load cell sensing devices with a self-contained a/d converter, self leveling, or side load canceling capabilities, power supply, digital display and remote indicating device. Finally, a weighing system without cables for either power or indication! 

However, the many advances made by GEC, still did not solve all of the portable weighing problems associated with using a plurality of sensing devices, especially when multiple sensors were needed in order to accurately weigh the vehicle. GEC then designed and patented a method of connecting via cables multiple sending devices to a remote computer in order to get real time weights and C. G. In fact, GEC manufactured a system for McDonnell Douglas for weighing and dispatching the MD-11 and C-17 in adverse flight test situations. 

In 1992, GEC introduced and patented the first ever remote transmission capabilities without the use of connecting cables. However, at the time GEC was so far ahead of technology that the systems proved to be very expensive due to the cost of the transmission equipment. 

Technology and production has finally caught up to GEC and the products introduced then are now affordable.},

keywords = {09. Weighing Equipment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3160,

title = {3160. Dynamic On-Board Weight and Balance System for Aircraft},

author = {Robert Von Bose},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3160},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-05-01},

booktitle = {60th Annual Conference, Arlington, Texas, May 19-23},

pages = {5},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Arlington, Texas},

abstract = {There is an increasing awareness among aircraft operators that an on-board weight and balance system is not only a safety measure but also a tool to enhance profits in two important ways. First, with a reliable measurement of actual weight the operator can confidently approach the maximum gross take-off weight of the aircraft and also accumulate records for loading and operational efficiency studies. This means bigger payloads with peace of mind. Second, by using the system at selected intervals during loading, the payload yet to be loaded may be located to trim the aircraft for optimum fuel efficiency. The system must be an integral part of the aircraft and derive accurate aircraft weight and location of the center of gravity, while resting on any reasonable level surface, within a very short time. The potential users of such systems want answers to several questions. How reliable is the system? How accurate is the information? What is the weight penalty for installation? Does it increase or decrease our gate time? Is it user-friendly? And, what does it cost? 

To the design engineer this means a fast, reliable, easy-to-use system in which every source of error has been minimized to the extent possible within state-of-the-art and economic limits. 'Economic Limits' means designing so the manufacturer can produce and sell it at a price the user considers 'cost effective.'},

keywords = {09. Weighing Equipment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{3021,

title = {3021. Fundamentals of Electronic Weighing Systems},

author = {Bill Turner},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-3021},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-06-01},

booktitle = {59th Annual Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, June 5-7},

pages = {42},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {St. Louis, Missouri},

abstract = {Fundamentals of Electronic Weighing Systems guides readers through every facet of the weighing system design, implementation, and troubleshooting process. Beginning with load introduction, this paper recommends the proper steps in creating and utilizing an accurate weighing vessel for a particular application. It addresses the application of load cells in both weighing and force sensing systems. Mechanical and electronic force measurement principles are explained, in addition to providing a comprehensive glossary of terms. The objective is to provide readers with a solid understanding of basic weighing system principles and characteristics. 

Section II: Weigh Modules presents a complete definition of every popular load cell design to enable the reader to confidently choose the best design for a particular application. In addition to explaining how various designs sense load, application drawings illustrate how the technology is applied in the field. 

Section III: Installation and Service Guidelines is filled with information that both the novice and experienced scaleman will find helpful. A valuable reference document, this section contains information compiled by Rice Lake Weighing Systems? staff over many years. Countless service technicians and engineering professionals were consulted on mechanical, electro-mechanical, and fully electronic weighing systems. The resulting information bridges generations, yet compiles the material into brief, easy-to-understand ?tips of the trade.?},

keywords = {09. Weighing Equipment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{2443,

title = {2443. Certification and Calibration of Weighing Devices: Introduction to the Certification and Calibration Process and Implicat},

author = {M Browne},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-2443},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-05-01},

booktitle = {57th Annual Conference, Wichita, Kansas, May 18-20},

pages = {12},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Wichita, Kansas},

abstract = {High Capacity weighing equipment is frequently installed, serviced, and used by personnel generally not familiar with advanced measuring principles. These users have come to expect 0.1% uncertainty performance with 5 to 100 ton loads. How is this possible? What is the total system that is used to deliver this performance? The needs and practices of commerce have strongly influenced the high capacity weighing industry. This paper explores the certification, installation, and routine calibration process used by the weighing industry. The related issues of specification, sealing, and calibration intervals are explored.},

keywords = {09. Weighing Equipment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{2393,

title = {2393. Aircraft Weighing Equipment: A Cost Analysis},

author = {E Peterson},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-2393},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-05-01},

booktitle = {56th Annual Conference, Bellevue, Washington, May 19-21},

pages = {12},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Bellevue, Washington},

abstract = {Since 1990, the technology of weighing equipment used on commercial aircraft has improved tremendously. The weighing equipment of today's market enables users to complete weight and balance tasks more efficiently and reliably while improving the overall accuracy of the results. The decision of the potential buyer on which type of equipment is best for their application - top of jack load cell kits or drive on platform scales - depends on both their objectives and budget. An analysis must therefore be made to explore advantages and disadvantages of each method and then relate them to the initial up front investment as compared to the long term operational cost. As a manufacturer of both types, we are frequently asked which method is better. It is our position that each company's objectives and requirements may immediately indicate which method is best for the application. We therefore assist them in analyzing all of their requirements in an attempt to determine the answer. The decision of which type of weighing equipment to purchase must therefore be based on two criteria: 1. Does the weighing equipment meet the objectives and is it suitable for the application? 2. Is the price of the weighing equipment within budgetary limitations and is it justifiable? Advantages and disadvantages to both methods and their compliance to the application must first be considered to ensure either method will meet the objectives of the user. The purchase price may not even be an issue if one method is not suitable for the application. But because the purchase price of top of jack load cell kits is so much less than that of a platform system, potential customers often do not consider the latter method because it is seen as prohibitively expensive. This study will identify the main advantages and disadvantages to each method to demonstrate how an airline or maintenance center can determine if the weighing equipment can meet the objectives and criteria of the user. The main purpose of this paper, however, is to demonstrate the operational costs of either method in an attempt to identify any savings derived therein. For it is the operational cost savings, and not just the purchase price, that must be considered to determine which method is most cost effective and thus, best suited for the application. In order to determine if the type of weighing equipment available in the market can meet the objectives and criteria of the user, a brief description of the weighing equipment and their inherent advantages and disadvantages must be reviewed.},

keywords = {09. Weighing Equipment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{2264,

title = {2264. Updated Technology Forecast for VTOL Aircraft in the Year 2020},

author = {J M Wampach},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-2264},

year  = {1995},

date = {1995-05-01},

booktitle = {54th Annual Conference, Huntsville, Alabama, May 22-24},

pages = {19},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Huntsville, Alabama},

abstract = {(None - PRESENTATION)},

keywords = {09. Weighing Equipment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{2193,

title = {2193. Accuracy in Weighing Aircraft: Second and Third Order Effects and Techniques for Their Corrections},

author = {M W Kroll},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-2193},

year  = {1994},

date = {1994-05-01},

booktitle = {53rd Annual Conference, Long Beach, California, May 23-25},

pages = {24},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Long Beach, California},

abstract = {The first order effect of the application of an aircraft's mass to a load cell is to generate an output voltage shift proportional to the mass. Second order effects influencing this output include the geometrical nonlinearities from integrating the stress-strain effect on a spring element. Other second order influences include temperature vs. span, altitude and latitude vs. the mass/weight ratio, and the angle of the platform surface. Vibration and wind effects could also be considered second order influences. Third order effects include material nonlinearities, hysteresis, creep, and residual side loads. This paper will discuss the genesis of these various effects and the correction techniques that are established along with some possible solutions for the future. Present fully electronic strain gage load cell aircraft scales are capable of weighing aircraft to an accuracy of about 0.1% or 1000 ppm. Without compensation for effects due to such things as latitude, altitude, and wing lift this error grows to 1%. With advanced calibration techniques and mathematical tracking of second and third order effects the error in aircraft should be reducible to about 100 ppm.},

keywords = {09. Weighing Equipment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{2127,

title = {2127. Industry Standards and How Important They Are to Mass Properties Measuring Equipment},

author = {R Kroll},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-2127},

year  = {1993},

date = {1993-05-01},

booktitle = {52nd Annual Conference, Biloxi, Mississippi, May 24-26},

pages = {45},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Biloxi, Mississippi},

abstract = {Many people are gun shy when it comes to ''government'' regulations and processes. However'' once we get used to the concept and understand the process'' we learn to appreciate the value and importance of ''specifying and certifying.'' Consider'' for example the frozen entree section in the neighborhood grocery store. If someone wants a low-calorie'' low-fat, Or low-salt entree'' they have to be able to judge which entree to pick. Governmental standards imposed by the FDA fry to regulate and standardize information. Intercomp Company has been manufacturing high capacity and high accuracy weighing systems for fifteen years, The majority of the scales we manufacture are supplied to industries that require certification to ensure that the equipment complies with standards of accuracy'' performance'' and permanence. For nearly ten years'' Intercomp has supplied portable truck scales to the trucking'' law enforcement'' and defense industry. As an example'' the Texas Department of Public Safety uses approximately 1,500 of our portable truck scales to ensure vehicles do not exceed various weight restrictions. Weight restrictions exist on roadways throughout the world. These limitations are enforced to prevent road damage and protect the safety of others traveling on roadways. Before we can sell our portable truck scales to customers'' we must have certification from various agencies to verify the equipment meets standards of accuracy and performance. There are numerous manufacturers of portable truck scales in the U.S. How does the end user know he/she is purchasing a scale that performs to desired specifications? Furthermore'' why do industries throughout the world require most scales to be certified or meet some type of a federal standard. The user of a truck scale can be assured a scale is accurate and reliable because it has been certified by a federal or state agency of weights and measures. The scale has been tested and approved to meet a list of criteria. Virtually everything we buy and utilize in life has at some point or another been weighed. Virtually everything that is weighed must be weighed on a certified scale. The scales which aircraft are weighed upon are exempt from any type of standardized certification. Millions of passengers fly each year on billions of dollars worth of aircraft that are weighed on equipment that is never subjected to standardized certification. How can you'' the people responsible for the use of the weighing equipment'' be assured the scales you are utilizing meet worldwide standards for accuracy'' reliability'' and permanence? In other words'' how can you be sure the scale you weigh your aircraft upon is as reliable as the truck scale'' meat scale'' or any other scale used today? There are several organizations and federal agencies that enforce compliance and set calibration standards for scales. This paper will introduce you to these organizations and agencies that you may or may not be familiar with'' and hopefully present you with new ways of developing preexisting criteria. These criteria can then be considered for the purchase'' certification'' and use of scales so that you to can be assured that the equipment you utilize is accurate and reliable.},

keywords = {09. Weighing Equipment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{2130,

title = {2130. INF Missile Inspections/Verification by Weighing},

author = {G Lindberg},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-2130},

year  = {1993},

date = {1993-05-01},

booktitle = {52nd Annual Conference, Biloxi, Mississippi, May 24-26},

pages = {20},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Biloxi, Mississippi},

abstract = {The On-Site Inspection Agency (OSIA) is a joint-service Department of Defense organization responsible for implementing inspection, escort, and monitoring requirements under the verification provisions of U.S. international arms control treaties. With headquarters located at Dulles Internatioanl Airport in Washington, D.C., the Agency has field offices at Travis Air Force Base, California; Magna, Utah; Yokota Air Base, Japan; Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany; Votkinsk, Russia; and the U.S. Embassy in Moscow. Approximately 700 men and women from the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, and Federal Civil Service are assigned to OSIA. OSIA was formed in January 1988 to implement the on-site inspection, escort, and continuous monitoring provisions of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty between the United States and former Soviet Union. The motto of OSIA, ''trust, but verify,'' was conveyed by former President Ronald Reagan to then Soviet Union President Mikhail Gorbachev when they signed the INF Treaty on December 8, 1987. OSIA has subsequently been assigned similar inspection, escort, and monitoring responsibilities of other U.S. international arms control agreements. Since July 1991, OSIA has served as the executive agent for Defense Department support to the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) on Iraq. OSIA coordinates military services' provision of facilities, supplies, equipment, personnel and other assistance to UNSCOM which is charged with overseeing the destruction of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction. Most recently, OSIA has been assisting the Department of State in providing humanitarian aid to the peoples of the former Soviet Union as part of Operation Provide Hope. Since February 1992, OSIA teams have distributed more than 27,000 tons of food and medical supplies at 51 locations in the 12 republics of the former Soviet Union.},

keywords = {09. Weighing Equipment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1935,

title = {1935. Toledo Scale Digitol},

author = {J D Zelazny},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1935},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-05-01},

booktitle = {49th Annual Conference, Chandler, Arizona, May 14-16},

pages = {14},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Chandler, Arizona},

abstract = {Mechanical mechanisms for determining weight have been with us since prehistoric times and are still in use today but are rapidly becoming a thing of the past. Toledo Scale, the largest scale manufacturer in the world, has not manufactured mechanical scales in the United States for many years now. Since the late 1960's or early 1970's, the strain gage load cell has been the primary device for sensing force for weighing purposes. In 1989, Toledo Scale introduced to industry what they consider to be the next logical step in the advancement of weighing technology, the DIGITOL load cell. The introduction came after five years of product development and extensive field testing. Quite simply, a dedicated microprocessor is integrated into a strain gage load cell to take advantage of the many capabilities of the microprocessor and provide many benefits for the manufacturer and the end user.},

keywords = {09. Weighing Equipment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1881,

title = {1881. Lockheed Missiles and Space Company Mass Properties Facility},

author = {G Strom},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1881},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-05-01},

booktitle = {48th Annual Conference, Alexandria, Virginia, May 22-24},

pages = {17},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Alexandria, Virginia},

abstract = {This paper describes the mass properties balancing facility constructed in 1987 at Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. in Sunnyvale, California. The balancing machine is a Schenck-Trebel model E6/MOI-7. The capabilities and operational procedures of the machine are described. To speed up the determination of balance weights required, a program was written for a Macintosh SE computer. The capabilities of this program are outlined.},

keywords = {09. Weighing Equipment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1882,

title = {1882. Aircraft Platform Scales Without Sideload Induced Weighing Errors},

author = {E Studlien},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1882},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-05-01},

booktitle = {48th Annual Conference, Alexandria, Virginia, May 22-24},

pages = {8},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Alexandria, Virginia},

abstract = {Since the introduction of electronic load cells in aircraft weighing, sideload errors have plagued the industry. Sideload errors are simply inherent in most, if not virtually all, load cells and little could really be done about it - until the advent of the Metrox Platform. In the early part of this decade, North American Rockwell developed a requirement for an all-new state-of-the-art platform scale system for the B-lB Bomber. Metrox won the contract to design and build a platform system to these stringent requirements. Initial tests of the first platforms built for the B- I B program once again revealed the old bug-a-boo-sideload errors. The sideload problem was eliminated by re-designing the load beam mounting. Instead of a fixed, solidly bolted load beam, it was mounted so it could ''float''.},

keywords = {09. Weighing Equipment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{1883,

title = {1883. State of the Art Mass Properties Lab},

author = {J Garcia},

url = {https://www.sawe.org/product/paper-1883},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-05-01},

booktitle = {48th Annual Conference, Alexandria, Virginia, May 22-24},

pages = {27},

publisher = {Society of Allied Weight Engineers, Inc.},

address = {Alexandria, Virginia},

abstract = {This paper describes the state of the art Mass Properties Laboratory at the McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Company in Mesa, Arizona. The lab's prime capabilities include: weight and center of gravity measurement; static balancing of helicopter main rotor blades; inertia measurement; and dynamic balancing of helicopter rotor hubs, complete tail rotor assemblies, and NOTAR (No Tail Rotor) fans. The theory behind the operation of each system as well as its basic requirements is described in detail. These requirements involve accuracy, repeatability, linearity, simplicity, maintainability, calibration and temperature correction, and size and weight limits. The mass properties lab and its features are the result of management foresight and cumulative years of experience in mass properties engineering. This lab, along with the entire Advanced Development Center in which it is housed, demonstrates the commitment of McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Company to be on the leading edge of technology.},

keywords = {09. Weighing Equipment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}